==902.6.1 Pedestrian Signal Heads (MUTCD Section 4E.01)==
[[Category:902 Signals (MUTCD Part 4)|902.09]]
=={{SpanID|902.9.1}}902.9.1 Pedestrian Signal Heads (MUTCD Section 4I.01)==
'''Support.''' Pedestrian signal heads provide special types of traffic signal indications exclusively intended for controlling pedestrian traffic. These signal indications consist of the illuminated symbols of a WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) and an UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK).
'''Support. '''Pedestrian signal heads provide special types of traffic signal indications exclusively intended for controlling pedestrians. These signal indications consist of the illuminated symbols of a WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) and an UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK).
'''Guidance.''' Engineering judgment should determine the need for separate pedestrian signal heads (see [[902.5 Traffic Control Signal Features (MUTCD Chapter 4D)#902.5.9 Provisions for Pedestrians (MUTCD Section 4D.03)|EPG 902.5.9]]) and accessible pedestrian signals (see EPG 902.6.9). All pedestrian indication displays at any intersection should be consistent.
[[902.4 Signal Installations and Equipment (MUTCD Chapter 4D) #902.4.2|EPG 902.4.2]] contains information on when to use pedestrian signal heads.
'''Support.''' [[902.7 Pedestrian Hybrid Beacons (MUTCD Chapter 4F)|EPG 902.7]] contains information regarding the use of pedestrian hybrid beacons and [[902.14 In-Roadway Lights (MUTCD Chapter 4N)|EPG 902.14]] contains information about using In-Roadway Warning Lights at unsignalized marked crosswalks.
Accessible pedestrian signals (see [[902.11 Accessible Pedestrian Signals and Detectors (MUTCD Chapter 4K) #902.11|EPG 902.11]]) where pedestrian signal heads are used provide information in non-visual formats (such as audible tones and/or speech messages, and vibrating surfaces) so that a pedestrian with vision disabilities can know when to cross the street.
==902.6.2 Meaning of Pedestrian Signal Head Indications (MUTCD Section 4E.02)==
[[902.10 Pedestrian Hybrid Beacons (MUTCD Chapter 4J) #902.10|EPG 902.10]] contains information regarding the use of pedestrian hybrid beacons and [[902.20 In-Roadway Warning Lights (MUTCD Chapter 4U) #902.20|EPG 902.20]] contains information regarding the use of In-Roadway Warning Lights at unsignalized marked crosswalks.
'''Standard.''' Pedestrian signal head indications shall have the following meanings:
=={{SpanID|902.9.2}}902.9.2 Size, Design, and Illumination of Pedestrian Signal Head Indications (MUTCD Section 4I.02)==
A. A steady WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication means that a pedestrian facing the signal indication is permitted to start to cross the roadway in the direction of the signal indication, possibly in conflict with turning vehicles. The pedestrian shall yield the right-of-way to vehicles lawfully within the intersection at the time that the WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication is first shown.
'''Guidance. '''All pedestrian signal head indications at an intersection should be of the same size and design.
B. A flashing UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication means that a pedestrian shall not start to cross the roadway in the direction of the signal indication, but that any pedestrian who has already started to cross on a steady WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication shall proceed to the far side of the traveled way of the street or highway, unless otherwise directed by a traffic control device to proceed only to the median of a divided highway or only to some other island or pedestrian refuge area.
'''Standard. '''All new pedestrian signal head indications shall be displayed within a rectangular background and shall consist of symbolized messages (see [[#fig902.9.2|Figure 902.9.2]]), except that existing pedestrian signal head indications with lettered or outline style symbol messages shall be permitted to be retained for the remainder of their useful service life. The symbol designs that are set forth in the “Standard Highway Signs” publication (see [[:Category:911_General_(MUTCD_Part_1) #911.1.5|EPG 911 (MUTCD Section 1A.05)]]) shall be used. Each pedestrian signal head indication shall be independently displayed and emit a single color.
C. A steady UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication means that a pedestrian shall not enter the roadway in the direction of the signal indication.
All new pedestrian signal indications shall be Light Emitting Diode (LED).
D. A flashing WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication has no meaning and shall not be used.
One section pedestrian signal heads shall include the UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) and the WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) symbols overlaid upon each other, and a light source that can display each symbol independently shall be used.
==902.6.3 Application of Pedestrian Signal Heads (MUTCD Section 4E.03)==
The WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication shall be white. The UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication shall be Portland orange.
Before pedestrian indications are considered for a location refer to [[902.5 Traffic Control Signal Features (MUTCD Chapter 4D)#902.5.9 Provisions for Pedestrians (MUTCD Section 4D.03)|EPG 902.5.9 through EPG 902.5.13]] and [[:Category:642 Pedestrian Facilities|EPG 642 Pedestrian Facilities]] for information regarding ADA accessibility requirements.
The requirements of the publication entitled “Pedestrian Traffic Control Signal Indicators – Light Emitting Diode (LED) Signal Modules,” 2011, ITE, that pertain to the aspects of the signal head design that affect the display of the signal indications shall be met for light-emitting diode (LED) pedestrian signal head modules.
'''Standard.''' Pedestrian signal heads shall be used in conjunction with vehicular traffic control signals under any of the following conditions:
'''Guidance. '''The intensity and distribution of light from each LED pedestrian signal head module should comply with the publications specified in the preceding paragraph, as appropriate.
A. If a traffic control signal is justified by an engineering study and meets either Warrant 4, Pedestrian Volume or Warrant 5, School Crossing (see [[902.3 Traffic Control Signal Needs Studies (MUTCD Chapter 4C)|EPG 902.3]]);
'''Standard. '''When not illuminated, the WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) and UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) symbols shall not be readily visible to pedestrians at the far end of the crosswalk that the pedestrian signal head indications control.
B. If an exclusive signal phase is provided or made available for pedestrian movements in one or more directions, with all conflicting vehicular movements being stopped;
For pedestrian signal head indications, the symbols shall be at least 9 inches high.
C. At an established school crossing at any signalized location; or
The light source of a flashing UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication shall be flashed continuously at a rate of not less than 50 or more than 60 times per minute. The displayed period of each flash shall be a minimum of ½ and a maximum of ⅔ of the total flash cycle.
D. Where engineering judgment determines that multi-phase signal indications (as with split-phase timing) would tend to confuse or cause conflicts with pedestrians using a crosswalk guided only by vehicular signal indications.
'''Guidance. '''Pedestrian signal head indications should be conspicuous and recognizable to pedestrians at all distances from the beginning of the controlled crosswalk to a point 10 feet from the end of the controlled crosswalk during both day and night.
'''Guidance.''' Pedestrian signal heads should be used under any of the following conditions:
A. If it is necessary to assist pedestrians in deciding when to begin crossing the roadway in the chosen direction or if engineering judgment determines that pedestrian signal heads are justified to minimize vehicle-pedestrian conflicts;
B. If pedestrians are permitted to cross a portion of a street, such as to or from a median of sufficient width for pedestrians to wait, during a particular interval but are not permitted to cross the remainder of the street during any part of the same interval; and/or
C. If no vehicular signal indications are visible to pedestrians, or if the vehicular signal indications that are visible to pedestrians starting a crossing provide insufficient guidance for them to decide when to begin crossing the roadway in the chosen direction, such as on one-way streets, at T-intersections, or at multi-phase signal operations.
'''Option.''' Pedestrian signal heads may be used under other conditions based on engineering judgment.
==902.6.4 Size, Design, and Illumination of Pedestrian Signal Head Indications (MUTCD Section 4E.04)==
'''Standard.''' All new pedestrian signal head indications shall be displayed within a rectangular background and shall consist of symbolized messages (see Fig. 902.6.4), except that existing pedestrian signal head indications with lettered or outline style symbol messages shall be permitted to be retained for the remainder of their useful service life. The symbol designs that are set forth in the “Standard Highway Signs and Markings” book (see [[:Category:900 TRAFFIC CONTROL#900.1.11 Relation to Other Publications (MUTCD Section 1A.11)|EPG 900.1.11 Relation to Other Publications]]) shall be used. Each pedestrian signal head indication shall be independently displayed and emit a single color.
[[image:Fig. 902.6.4.jpg|center|thumb|150px|<center>'''Fig. 902.6.4 Typical Pedestrian Signal Indication'''</center>]]
If a two-section pedestrian signal head is used, the UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal section shall be mounted directly above the WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal section. If a one-section pedestrian signal head is used, the symbols shall be either overlaid upon each other or arranged side-by-side with the UPRAISED HAND symbol to the left of the WALKING PERSON symbol, and a light source that can display each symbol independently shall be used.
The WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication shall be white, conforming to the publication entitled “Pedestrian Traffic Control Signal Indications” (see EPG 900.1.11 Relation to Other Publications), with all except the symbol obscured by an opaque material.
The UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication shall be Portland orange, conforming to the publication entitled “Pedestrian Traffic Control Signal Indications” (see EPG 900.1.11 Relation to Other Publications), with all except the symbol obscured by an opaque material.
When not illuminated, the WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) and UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) symbols shall not be readily visible to pedestrians at the far end of the crosswalk that the pedestrian signal head indications control.
For pedestrian signal head indications, the symbols shall be at least 9 in. tall.
The light source of a flashing UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication shall be flashed continuously at a rate of not less than 50 or more than 60 times per minute. The displayed period of each flash shall be a minimum of 1/2 and a maximum of 2/3 of the total flash cycle.
'''Guidance.''' Pedestrian signal head indications should be conspicuous and recognizable to pedestrians at all distances from the beginning of the controlled crosswalk to a point 10 ft. from the end of the controlled crosswalk during both day and night.
If the pedestrian signal indication is so bright that it causes excessive glare in nighttime conditions, some form of automatic dimming should be used to reduce the brilliance of the signal indication.
If the pedestrian signal indication is so bright that it causes excessive glare in nighttime conditions, some form of automatic dimming should be used to reduce the brilliance of the signal indication.
==902.6.5 Location and Height of Pedestrian Signal Heads (MUTCD Section 4E.05)==
{{SpanID|fig902.9.2}}
[[File:Figure 902.9.2 Typical Pedestrian Signal Indications.jpg|center|thumb|alt=A solid white walking person symbol is shown superimposed on a solid orange upraised hand symbol to the left of the numeral "15" in orange.|400px|'''Figure 902.9.2''' Typical Pedestrian Signal Indications]]
'''Standard.''' Pedestrian signal heads shall be mounted with the bottom of the signal housing including brackets not less than 7 ft. or more than 10 ft. above sidewalk level, and shall be positioned and adjusted to provide maximum visibility at the beginning of the controlled crosswalk.
=={{SpanID|902.9.3}}902.9.3 Location and Height of Pedestrian Signal Heads (MUTCD Section 4I.03)==
If pedestrian signal heads are mounted on the same support as vehicular signal heads, there shall be a physical separation between them.
'''Standard. '''Pedestrian signal heads shall be mounted with the bottom of the signal housing including brackets not less than 7 feet or more than 10 feet above sidewalk level, and shall be positioned and adjusted to provide maximum visibility at the beginning of the controlled sidewalk.
==902.6.6 Pedestrian Intervals and Signal Phases (MUTCD Section 4E.06)==
'''Guidance. '''If pedestrian signal heads are mounted on the same support as vehicular signal heads, there should be a physical separation between them.
'''Support.''' At times, it can be difficult to time for pedestrians. On one side is the duty to consider the time needed to allow pedestrians of all travel speeds to cross wide roadways. On the other side is the responsibility to operate busy arterials to their peak capacity by minimizing stops and delay for the vehicles. These two goals are usually in conflict if every green interval must be timed long enough to accommodate pedestrians.
The walk interval is intended for pedestrians to start their crossing. The pedestrian clearance time is intended to allow pedestrians who started crossing during the walk interval to complete their crossing. Confusion is common among pedestrians as to the meaning of the indications. This can result in a pedestrian turning back once the WALK time expires and not using the flashing DON'T WALK to cross. Every effort is to be made to educate the public to the meanings of these indications instead of lengthening the WALK time, since the flashing DON'T WALK time is the critical time. Countdown pedestrian indications can help confusion issues see EPG 902.6.7 Countdown Pedestrian Signals.
'''Standard. '''All pedestrian signal heads used at crosswalks shall include a pedestrian change interval countdown display in order to inform pedestrians of the number of seconds remaining in the pedestrian change interval.
'''Standard.''' At intersections equipped with pedestrian signal heads, the pedestrian signal indications shall be displayed except when the vehicular traffic control signal is being operated in the flashing mode. At those times, the pedestrian signal indications shall not be displayed.
The countdown display shall always be displayed simultaneously with the flashing UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication displayed for that crosswalk.
When the pedestrian signal heads associated with a crosswalk are displaying either a steady WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) or a flashing UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication, a steady red signal indication shall be shown to any conflicting vehicular movement that is approaching the intersection or midblock location perpendicular or nearly perpendicular to the crosswalk.
Countdown pedestrian signals shall consist of Portland orange numbers that are at least 9 inches in height on a black opaque background. The countdown pedestrian signal shall be located immediately adjacent to the associated UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) pedestrian signal head indication (see [[#fig902.9.2|Figure 902.9.2]]).
When pedestrian signal heads are used, a WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication shall be displayed only when pedestrians are permitted to leave the curb or shoulder.
The display of the number of remaining seconds shall begin only at the beginning of the pedestrian change interval (flashing UPRAISED HAND). After the countdown displays zero, the display shall remain dark until the beginning of the next countdown.
A pedestrian change interval consisting of a flashing UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication shall begin immediately following the WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication. Following the pedestrian change interval, a buffer interval consisting of a steady UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication shall be displayed for at least 3 seconds prior to the release of any conflicting vehicular movement. The sum of the time of the pedestrian change interval and the buffer interval shall not be less than the calculated pedestrian clearance time (see below). The buffer interval shall not begin later than the beginning of the red clearance interval.
The countdown pedestrian signal shall display the number of seconds remaining until the termination of the pedestrian change interval (flashing UPRAISED HAND). Countdown displays shall not be used during the walk interval. Countdown displays shall not be used during the red clearance interval of a concurrent vehicular phase that is ending simultaneously with or after the end of the pedestrian phase.
'''Option.''' During the yellow change interval, the UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DON’T WALK) signal indication may be displayed as either a flashing indication, a steady indication, or a flashing indication for an initial portion of the yellow change interval and a steady indication for the remainder of the interval.
'''Guidance. '''If used with a pedestrian signal head that does not have a concurrent vehicular phase, the pedestrian change interval (flashing UPRAISED HAND) should be set to be approximately 4 seconds less than the required pedestrian clearance time (see [[902.9 Pedestrian Control Features (MUTCD Chapter 4I) #902.9.6|EPG 902.9.6]]) and an additional clearance interval (during which a steady UPRAISED HAND is displayed) should be provided prior to the start of the conflicting vehicular phase.
'''Support.''' Fig. 902.6.6 illustrates the pedestrian intervals and their possible relationships with associated vehicular signal phase intervals.
Because some technology includes the countdown pedestrian signal logic in a separate timing device that is independent of the timing in the traffic signal controller, care should be exercised by the engineer when timing changes are made to pedestrian change intervals.
If the pedestrian change interval is interrupted or shortened as a part of a transition into a preemption sequence (see [[902.6 Steady (Stop-and-Go) Operation of Traffic Control Signals (MUTCD Chapter 4F) #902.6.19|EPG 902.6.19]]), the countdown pedestrian signal display should be discontinued and go dark immediately upon activation of the preemption transition.
|rowspan="4"|'''LEGEND'''||'''G''' = Green Interval
|-
|'''Y''' = Yellow Change Interval (of at least 3 seconds)
|-
|'''R''' = Red Clearance Interval
|-
|'''Red''' = Red because conflicting traffic has been released
|-
|colspan="2"|'''*''' The Walk Interval may be reduced under some conditions (see EPG 902.6.6).||
|-
|colspan="2"|'''**''' The Buffer Interval, which shall always be provided and displayed, may be used to help
satisfy the calculated pedestrian clearance time, or may begin after the calculated
pedestrian clearance time has ended (see EPG 902.6.6).
|}
]]
'''Guidance.''' The pedestrian clearance time should be sufficient to allow a pedestrian crossing in the crosswalk who left the curb or shoulder at the end of the WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication to travel at a walking speed of 3.5 ft. per second to at least the far side of the traveled way or to a median of sufficient width for pedestrians to wait.
'''Option. '''Pedestrian detectors may be push buttons or passive detection devices.
'''Option.''' If pedestrian and/or other unusual characteristics exist and documented engineering judgment supports the use, a walking speed of 4 ft. per second may be considered.
'''Support. '''Passive detection devices register the presence of a pedestrian in a position indicative of a desire to cross, without requiring the pedestrian to push a button. Some passive detection devices are capable of tracking the progress of a pedestrian as the pedestrian crosses the roadway for the purpose of extending or shortening the duration of certain pedestrian timing intervals.
'''Guidance.''' Where pedestrians who walk slower than 3.5 ft. per second, or pedestrians who use wheelchairs, routinely use the crosswalk, a walking speed of less than 3.5 ft. per second should be considered in determining the pedestrian clearance time.
The provisions in this Article place pedestrian push buttons within easy reach of pedestrians who are intending to cross each crosswalk and make it obvious which push button is associated with each crosswalk. These provisions also position push button poles in optimal locations for installation of accessible pedestrian signals (see [[902.11 Accessible Pedestrian Signals and Detectors (MUTCD Chapter 4K) #902.11|EPG 902.11]]). Information regarding reach ranges can be found in the U.S. Department of Justice 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design, September 15, 2010, 28 CFR 35 and 36, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.
Except as provided in the next Option, the walk interval should be at least 7 seconds in length so that pedestrians will have adequate opportunity to leave the curb or shoulder before the pedestrian clearance time begins.
'''Guidance. '''If pedestrian push buttons are used, they should be capable of easy activation requiring no more than 3.5 pounds of force, should not require tight grasping, pinching, or twisting of the wrist, and should be conveniently located near each end of the crosswalks. Except as provided in the two subsequent paragraphs, pedestrian push buttons should be located to meet all of the following criteria (see [[#fig902.9.5.1|Figure 902.9.5.1]]):
:A. Unobstructed and accessible within one or more of the reach ranges specified in Section 308, and from a clear ground space as specified in Section 305, of the 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design;
:B. To provide a wheelchair accessible route from the push button to the ramp;
:C. On the side of the curb ramp which is farthest from the center of the intersection;
:D. Not greater than 10 feet from the edge of the associated curb ramp which is farther from the center of the intersection;
:E. Not greater than 5 feet from the outside edge of the marked crosswalk farthest from the center of the intersection;
:F. Not farther from the crosswalk than the stop line is, if present;
:G. Between 30 inches and 6 feet from the face of the curb or from the outside edge of the shoulder (or if no shoulder exists, from the edge of the pavement);
:H. With the face of the push button parallel to the crosswalk to be used;
:I. At a mounting height of approximately 3.5 feet, but no more than 4 feet, above the sidewalk;
:J. Allowing a minimum 4-foot continuous clear width for a pedestrian access route; and
:K. Outside the flared side of the curb ramp, if present.
'''Option.''' If pedestrian volumes and characteristics do not require a 7-second walk interval, walk intervals as short as 4 seconds may be used.
Where there are physical constraints that make it impracticable to place the pedestrian push button adjacent to a level all-weather surface, the surface should be as level as feasible.
If pedestrian volumes and characteristics indicate that a longer walk interval is needed then the walk interval may be lengthened. Longer walk intervals are often used when the duration of the vehicular green phase associated with the pedestrian crossing is long enough to allow it.
Where there are physical constraints that make it impracticable to place the pedestrian push button between 30 inches and 6 feet from the face of the curb or from the outside edge of the shoulder (or if no shoulder exists, from the edge of the pavement), it should not be farther than 10 feet from the face of the curb or from the outside edge of the shoulder (or if no shoulder exists, from the edge of the pavement).
'''Guidance.''' The total of the walk interval and pedestrian clearance time should be sufficient to allow a pedestrian crossing in the crosswalk who left the pedestrian detector (or, if no pedestrian detector is present, a location 6 ft. from the face of the curb or from the edge of the pavement) at the beginning of the WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication to travel at a walking speed of 3 ft. per second to the far side of the traveled way being crossed or to the median if a two-stage pedestrian crossing sequence is used. Any additional time that is required to satisfy the conditions of this paragraph should be added to the walk interval.
Except as provided in the subsequent paragraph, where two pedestrian push buttons are provided on the same corner of a signalized location, the push buttons should be separated by a distance of at least 10 feet.
If a pedestrian signal head is used that does not have a concurrent vehicular phase (exclusive pedestrian movement), the pedestrian change interval (flashing UPRAISED HAND) should be set to be approximately 4 seconds less than the required pedestrian clearance time and an additional clearance interval (during which a steady UPRAISED HAND is displayed) should be provided prior to the start of the conflicting vehicular phase. See Fig. 902.6.6.
'''Option. '''Where there are physical constraints on a particular corner that make it impracticable to provide the 10-foot separation between the two pedestrian push buttons the push buttons may be placed closer together or on the same pole.
Every effort is to be made to display the WALK indications with a green phase or interval. This "phase-associated" pedestrian operation lessens the overall delay to drivers. Using a fully actuated intersection as shown:
'''Support. '''[[#fig902.9.5.2|Figure 902.9.5.2]] shows typical pedestrian push button locations for a variety of situations.
The pedestrian WALK and flashing DON'T WALK indications for northbound-southbound on the east side of the intersection would be displayed only during phase 6. Likewise, the indications for eastbound-westbound on the south side would be displayed only during phase 4.
'''Standard. '''If a pedestrian push button is provided, a sign (see [[903.2 Regulatory Signs and Barricades (MUTCD Chapter 2B) #903.2.47|EPG 903.2.47]]) shall also be installed adjacent to the pedestrian push button detector explaining the purpose and use.
'''Standard.''' Under no circumstance will a pedestrian WALK or flashing DON'T WALK indication be active during a phase or interval which leads vehicles into the crosswalk.
'''Option. '''At certain locations, a supplemental sign in a more visible location may be used to call attention to the pedestrian push button.
'''Guidance.''' Using the previous example, the pedestrian indications for northbound-southbound cannot be active during phase 5, or any phase for the east-west direction of travel. Pedestrian indications are allowed in conjunction with the phase 6 right turn (using the permissive indication) and/or the phase 5 southbound yielding left turn, if allowed, since the pedestrian movement has legal right-of-way over the northbound right turn or southbound yielding left turn.
'''Standard. '''The positioning of pedestrian push buttons and the legends on the pedestrian push button signs shall indicate which crosswalk signal is actuated by each pedestrian push button.
Under rare circumstances, an exclusive movement might be needed for the pedestrian indications.
If the pedestrian clearance time is sufficient only to cross from the curb or shoulder to a median of sufficient width for pedestrians to wait and the signals are pedestrian actuated, an additional pedestrian detector shall be provided in the median.
Other options should be considered prior to the installation of an exclusive pedestrian movement.
'''Guidance. '''The use of additional pedestrian detectors on islands or medians where a pedestrian might become stranded should be considered.
'''Option.''' On a street with a median of sufficient width for pedestrians to wait, a pedestrian clearance time that allows the pedestrian to cross only from the curb or shoulder to the median may be provided.
If used, special purpose push buttons (to be operated only by authorized persons) should include a housing capable of being locked to prevent access by the general public and do not need an instructional sign.
'''Standard.''' Where the pedestrian clearance time is sufficient only for crossing from the curb or shoulder to a median of sufficient width for pedestrians to wait, median-mounted pedestrian signals (with pedestrian detectors if actuated operation is used) shall be provided (see EPG 902.6.7 and EPG 902.6.8) and signing such as the R10-3d sign (see [[903.5 Regulatory Signs#903.5.30 Traffic Signal Signs (R10-3, R10-5 through R10-30) (MUTCD Sections 2B.53 and 2B.54)|EPG 903.5.30]]) shall be provided to notify pedestrians to cross only to the median to await the next WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication.
'''Standard. '''If used, a pilot light or other means of indication installed with a pedestrian push button shall not be illuminated until actuation. Once it is actuated, the pilot light shall remain illuminated until the pedestrian’s green or WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication is displayed.
'''Guidance.''' Where median-mounted pedestrian signals and detectors are provided, the use of accessible pedestrian signals (see [[#902.6.9 Accessible Pedestrian Signals and Detectors – General (MUTCD Section 4E.13)|EPG 902.6.9]]) should be considered.
Extended push button press features shall not be utilized.
'''Option.''' During the transition into preemption, the walk interval and the pedestrian change interval may be shortened or omitted as described in [[902.5 Traffic Control Signal Features (MUTCD Chapter 4D)#902.5.38 Preemption and Priority Control of Traffic Control Signals (MUTCD Section 4D.27)|EPG 902.5.38 Preemption and Priority Control of Traffic Control Signals]].
{{SpanID|fig902.9.5.1}}
[[File:Figure 902.9.5.1 Preferred Push Button Location Area.png|center|thumb|alt=The figure shows a plan view of one corner of a 90-degree intersection of two streets, one with a sidewalk that is separated from the street by a green strip and the other with the sidewalk along the back of the curb. Two sets of parallel white lines denoting crosswalks are shown, one horizontal to the left of the corner, and one vertical above the corner. On the corner radius, two curb-cut ramps are shown, one aligned with the east-west crosswalk, and one aligned with the north-south crosswalk. Unobstructed pedestrian access routes are shown, a horizontal ramp leading into the center of the east-west crosswalk, and a vertical ramp leading into the center of the north-south crosswalk, both denoting the “downward slope.”
At intersections with high pedestrian volumes and high conflicting turning vehicle volumes, a brief leading pedestrian interval, during which an advance WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) indication is displayed for the crosswalk while red indications continue to be displayed to parallel through and/or turning traffic, may be used to reduce conflicts between pedestrians and turning vehicles.
Three recommended areas for push button locations are shown marked and labeled starting from the closest edge of the “downward slope” of the pedestrian access ramp into each crosswalk moving further away along the sidewalk.|800px|'''Figure 902.9.5.1''' Preferred Push Button Location Area<br><br>
'''Notes:''' <br>
'''Guidance.''' If a leading pedestrian interval is used, the use of accessible pedestrian signals (see [[#902.6.9 Accessible Pedestrian Signals and Detectors – General (MUTCD Section 4E.13)|EPG 902.6.9]]) should be considered.
<ol><li>The push button detector should be located 5 feet or less from the outside edge of the marked crosswalk farthest from the intersection.</li><li>The push button detector should be located no farther from the crosswalk than the stop line, if one is present.</li><li>A 4-foot minimum unobstructed pedestrian access route should be maintained.</li><li>The maximum (MAX.) and minimum (MIN.) dimensions shown in this figure are recommendations.</li><li>Two pedestrian push buttons on the same corner should be separated by at least 10 feet. The 10-foot dimension shown in this figure is in reference to the placement of the push buttons within their respective areas.</li><li>[[#fig902.9.5.2|Figure 902.9.5.2]] shows typical push button locations.</li><li>This figure is not drawn to scale.</li>
]]
'''Support.''' If a leading pedestrian interval is used without accessible features, pedestrians who are visually impaired can be expected to begin crossing at the onset of the vehicular movement when drivers are not expecting them to begin crossing.
'''Guidance.''' If a leading pedestrian interval is used, it should be at least 3 seconds in duration and should be timed to allow pedestrians to cross at least one lane of traffic or, in the case of a large corner radius, to travel far enough for pedestrians to establish their position ahead of the turning traffic before the turning traffic is released.
If a leading pedestrian interval is used, consideration should be given to prohibiting turns across the crosswalk during the leading pedestrian interval.
'''Support.''' At intersections with pedestrian volumes that are so high that drivers have difficulty finding an opportunity to turn across the crosswalk, the duration of the green interval for a parallel concurrent vehicular movement is sometimes intentionally set to extend beyond the pedestrian clearance time to provide turning drivers additional green time to make their turns while the pedestrian signal head is displaying a steady UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication after pedestrians have had time to complete their crossings.
'''Standard.''' All pedestrian signal heads used at crosswalks shall include a pedestrian change interval countdown display in order to inform pedestrians of the number of seconds remaining in the pedestrian change interval.
Countdown pedestrian signals shall always be displayed simultaneously with the flashing UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication displayed for that crosswalk.
Countdown pedestrian signals shall consist of Portland orange numbers that are at least 9 in. tall on a black opaque background. The countdown pedestrian signal shall be located immediately adjacent to the associated UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) pedestrian signal head indication (see Fig. 902.6.4).
The display of the number of remaining seconds shall begin only at the beginning of the pedestrian change interval (flashing UPRAISED HAND). After the countdown displays zero, the display shall remain dark until the beginning of the next countdown.
The countdown pedestrian signal shall display the number of seconds remaining until the termination of the pedestrian change interval (flashing UPRAISED HAND). Countdown displays shall not be used during the walk interval or during the red clearance interval of a concurrent vehicular phase.
'''Guidance.''' Because some technology includes the countdown pedestrian signal logic in a separate timing device that is independent of the timing in the traffic signal controller, care should be exercised by the engineer when timing changes are made to pedestrian change intervals.
If the pedestrian change interval is interrupted or shortened as a part of a transition into a preemption sequence (see EPG 902.6.6), the countdown pedestrian signal display should be discontinued and go dark immediately upon activation of the preemption transition.
'''Support.''' The provisions in this article place pedestrian pushbuttons within easy reach of pedestrians who are intending to cross each crosswalk and make it obvious which pushbutton is associated with each crosswalk. These provisions also position pushbutton poles in optimal locations for installation of accessible pedestrian signals (see [[#902.6.9 Accessible Pedestrian Signals and Detectors – General (MUTCD Section 4E.13)|EPG 902.6.9]]). Information regarding accessible reach ranges can be found in [[:Category:642 Pedestrian Facilities|EPG 642]].
'''Guidance: ''' If pedestrian pushbuttons are used, they should be capable of easy activation and conveniently located near each end of the crosswalks. Except as provided in the following two paragraphs, pedestrian pushbuttons should be located to meet all of the following criteria (see Fig. 902.6.8.1):
:A. Unobstructed and adjacent to a level all-weather surface to provide access from a wheelchair;
:B. Where there is an all-weather surface, a wheelchair accessible route from the pushbutton to the ramp;
{{SpanID|fig902.9.5.2}}
[[File:Figure 902.9.5.2 Typical Push Button Locations.png|center|thumb|alt=A: A plan view of one corner of a 90-degree intersection of two streets is shown with crosswalks close to the corner. Two sets of parallel white lines denoting crosswalks are shown, one horizontal to the left of the corner, and one vertical below the corner. On the corner radius, two curb-cut ramps are shown, one aligned with the east-west crosswalk, and one aligned with the north-south crosswalk. Each sidewalk ramp leading to a crosswalk toward the street is shown as a “downward slope.” The “pedestrian push button” symbol is shown to the outside of each ramp and close to the street. The half of each ramp farthest from the street is shown marked with diagonal stripes, denoting a “landing area.” The pedestrian push button symbol is shown on the outside of each ramp at the point where the landing area ends, and the downward slope begins. A narrow strip of the ramp at the street edge is marked with crosshatching, denoting an area of “detectable warning.”
:C. Between the edge of the crosswalk line (extended) farthest from the center of the intersection and the side of a curb ramp (if present), but not greater than 5 ft. from said crosswalk line;
B: A plan view of one corner of a 90-degree intersection of two streets is shown with crosswalks slightly farther away from the corner than in the previous example. Each sidewalk ramp leading to a crosswalk is shown as a downward slope on both sides toward the center of the ramp. The pedestrian push button symbol is shown at the end of each ramp away from the street where the landing area begins. The landing area continues toward the street and ends where a narrow strip of detectable warning area begins at the street edge.
C: A plan view of one corner of a 90-degree intersection of two streets is shown with crosswalks very close to the corner. A green strip is shown between the sidewalk and street. Each sidewalk ramp leading to a crosswalk is shown as a downward slope toward the street on the green strip. The top half of each ramp is shown farthest from the street and at right angles to each other as overlapping landing areas. The pedestrian push button symbol is shown on the outside of each ramp at the point where the landing ends and the downward slope begins. Near the street, a narrow strip of the ramp is marked as the detectable warning area.
:D. Between 30 inches and 6 ft. from the edge of the curb, shoulder, or pavement;
D: A plan view of one corner of a 90-degree intersection of two streets is shown with crosswalks close to the corner. A green strip is shown between the sidewalk and street, but sidewalk is shown between the ramps on the green strip. Each sidewalk ramp leading to a crosswalk is shown as a downward slope toward the street on the green strip. The top half of each ramp is shown farthest from the street and at right angles to each other with a portion of each landing area overlapping the other. The pedestrian push button symbol is shown on the outside of each ramp at the point where the landing ends and the downward slope begins. A narrow strip of the ramp at the street edge is marked as the detectable warning area.|800px|'''Figure 902.9.5.2''' Typical Push Button Locations<br><br>
'''Notes:'''<br>
:E. With the face of the pushbutton parallel to the crosswalk to be used; and
<ol>
<li>This figure is not drawn to scale.</li><li>These drawings are intended to describe the typical locations for pedestrian push button installations.</li>
:F. At a mounting height of approximately 3.5 ft., but no more than 4 ft., above the sidewalk.
|1. Where there are constraints that make it impractical to place the pedestrian pushbutton between 30 inches and 6 ft. from the edge of the curb, shoulder, or pavement, it should not be farther than 10 ft. from the edge of curb, shoulder, or pavement.
|-
|2. Two pedestrian pushbuttons on a corner should be separated by 10 feet.
Where there are physical constraints that make it impractical to place the pedestrian pushbutton adjacent to a level all-weather surface, the surface should be as level as feasible.
=={{SpanID|902.9.6}}902.9.6 Pedestrian Intervals and Signal Phases (MUTCD Section 4I.06)==
Where there are physical constraints that make it impractical to place the pedestrian pushbutton between 30 inches and 6 ft. from the edge of the curb, shoulder, or pavement, it should not be farther than 10 ft. from the edge of curb, shoulder, or pavement.
'''Standard. '''At intersections equipped with pedestrian signal heads, the pedestrian signal indications shall be displayed except when the vehicular traffic control signal is being operated in the flashing mode. At those times, the pedestrian signal indications shall not be displayed.
Except as provided in the Option below, where two pedestrian pushbuttons are provided on the same corner of a signalized location, the pushbuttons should be separated by a distance of at least 10 feet.
Except as provided in the third standard paragraph of [[902.10 Pedestrian Hybrid Beacons (MUTCD Chapter 4J) #902.10.3|EPG 902.10.3]], when the pedestrian signal heads associated with a crosswalk are displaying either a steady WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) or a flashing UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication, a steady red signal indication shall be shown to any conflicting vehicular movement that is approaching the intersection or midblock location perpendicular or nearly perpendicular to the crosswalk. This requirement for a steady red signal indication does not apply to permissive turning movements.
'''Option.''' Where there are physical constraints on a particular corner that make it impractical to provide the 10 ft. separation between the two pedestrian pushbuttons, the pushbuttons may be placed closer together or on the same pole.
A WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication or a flashing UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication shall not be active during a phase or interval which leads vehicles into the crosswalk.
'''Support.''' Fig. 902.6.8.2 shows typical pedestrian pushbutton locations for a variety of situations.
When pedestrian signal heads are used, a WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication shall be displayed only when pedestrians are permitted to leave the curb or shoulder.
A pedestrian change interval consisting of a flashing UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication shall begin immediately following the WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication. Following the pedestrian change interval, a buffer interval consisting of a steady UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication shall be displayed for at least 3 seconds prior to the release of any conflicting vehicular movement. The sum of the time of the pedestrian change interval and the buffer interval shall not be less than the calculated pedestrian clearance time (see the ninth through nineteenth paragraphs of this Article). The buffer interval shall not begin later than the beginning of the red clearance interval, if used.
|-
|[[image:902.6.8.2.1.jpg|center|750px|thumb|<center>'''(Sheet 1 of 2)''']]
|2. These drawings are intended to describe the typical locations for pedestrian pushbutton installations. They are not intended to be a guide for the design of curb cut ramps.
|-
|3. Fig. 902.6.8.1 shows the recommended area for pushbutton locations.
|-
|[[image:902.6.8.2.2.jpg|center|750px|thumb|<center>'''(Sheet 2 of 2)'''</center>]]
|}
'''Option. '''During the yellow change interval, the UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication may be displayed as either a flashing indication, a steady indication, or a flashing indication for an initial portion of the yellow change interval and a steady indication for the remainder of the interval.
'''Standard.''' Signs (see [[903.5 Regulatory Signs#903.5.30 Traffic Signal Signs (R10-3, R10-5 through R10-30) (MUTCD Section 2B.53)|EPG 903.5.30 Traffic Signal Signs (R10-3, R10-5 through R10-30)]]) shall be mounted adjacent to pedestrian pushbuttons, explaining their purpose and use.
'''Support. '''[[#fig902.9.6|Figure 902.9.6]] illustrates the pedestrian intervals and their possible relationships with associated vehicular signal phase intervals.
'''Option.''' At certain locations, a supplemental sign in a more visible location may be used to call attention to the pedestrian pushbutton.
See [[902.23 Traffic Signal Phasing and Operation #902.23|EPG 902.23]] for information related to MoDOT signal phasing and timing.
'''Standard.''' The positioning of pedestrian pushbuttons and the legends on the pedestrian pushbutton signs shall clearly indicate which crosswalk signal is actuated by each pedestrian pushbutton.
'''Guidance. '''Except as provided in the subsequent paragraph, the pedestrian clearance time should be sufficient to allow a pedestrian crossing in the crosswalk who left the curb or edge of pavement at the end of the WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication to travel at a walking speed of 3.5 feet per second to at least the far side of the traveled way or to a median of sufficient width for pedestrians to wait.
If the pedestrian clearance time is sufficient only to cross from the curb or shoulder to a median of sufficient width for pedestrians to wait and the signals are pedestrian actuated, an additional pedestrian detector shall be provided in the median.
'''Option. '''A walking speed of up to 4 feet per second may be used to evaluate the sufficiency of the pedestrian clearance time at locations where documented engineering judgement supports the use.
'''Guidance.''' The use of additional pedestrian detectors on islands or medians where a pedestrian might become stranded should be considered.
'''Guidance. '''Where pedestrians who walk slower than 3.5 feet per second, or pedestrians who use wheelchairs, routinely use the crosswalk, a walking speed of less than 3.5 feet per second should be considered in determining the pedestrian clearance time.
If special purpose pushbuttons (to be operated only by authorized persons) are used they should include a housing capable of being locked to prevent access by the general public and do not need an instructional sign.
Except as provided in the subsequent paragraph, the walk interval should be at least 7 seconds in length so that pedestrians will have adequate opportunity to leave the curb or shoulder before the pedestrian clearance time begins.
==902.6.9 Accessible Pedestrian Signals and Detectors – General ([https://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/ MUTCD] Section 4E.09)==
'''Option. '''If pedestrian volumes and characteristics do not require a 7-second walk interval, walk intervals as short as 4 seconds may be used.
'''Standard.''' Accessible pedestrian signals and detectors shall be included as part of the design at new signalized intersections where pedestrians are present and shall be considered at existing intersections being altered or are in need of maintenance applications. See [[642.4 Impact of the Project Category on ADA|EPG 642.4 Impact of the Project Category on ADA]] for additional guidance on the impact of the project category on Americans with Disabilities Act.
'''Support. '''The walk interval is intended for pedestrians to start their crossing. The pedestrian clearance time is intended to allow pedestrians who started crossing during the walk interval to complete their crossing. Longer walk intervals are often used when the duration of the vehicular green phase associated with the pedestrian crossing is long enough to allow it.
The primary technique that pedestrians who have visual disabilities use to cross streets at signalized locations is to initiate their crossing when they hear the traffic in front of them stop and the traffic alongside them begin to move, which often corresponds to the onset of the green interval. The existing environment is often not sufficient to provide the information that pedestrians who have visual disabilities need to cross a roadway at a signalized location.
'''Standard.''' When used, accessible pedestrian signals shall be used in combination with pedestrian signal timing. The information provided by an accessible pedestrian signal shall clearly indicate which pedestrian crossing is served by each device.
Confusion is common among pedestrians as to the meaning of the pedestrian signal indications. This can result in a pedestrian turning back once the walk interval expires and not using the pedestrian change interval (flashing UPRAISED HAND) to complete their crossing. Countdown pedestrian indications (see [[902.9 Pedestrian Control Features (MUTCD Chapter 4I) #902.9.4|EPG 902.9.4]]) and traffic signal pedestrian and bicyclist actuation signs (see [[903.2 Regulatory Signs and Barricades (MUTCD Chapter 2B) #903.2.47|EPG 903.2.47]]) can help mitigate confusion issues instead of lengthening the walk interval, since the pedestrian change interval is the critical time.
Under stop-and-go operation, accessible pedestrian signals shall not be limited in operation by the time of day or day of week.
'''Guidance. '''The total of the walk interval and pedestrian clearance time should be sufficient to allow a pedestrian crossing in the crosswalk who left the pedestrian detector (or, if no pedestrian detector is present, a location 6 feet behind the face of the curb or 6 feet behind the edge of the pavement) at the beginning of the WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication to travel at a walking speed of 3 feet per second to the far side of the traveled way being crossed or to the median if a two-stage pedestrian crossing sequence is used. Any additional time that is required to satisfy the conditions of this paragraph should be added to the walk interval.
'''Option.''' Accessible pedestrian signal detectors may be pushbuttons or passive detection devices. At locations with pretimed traffic control signals or non-actuated approaches, pedestrian pushbuttons may be used to activate the accessible pedestrian signals.
'''Option. '''An exclusive pedestrian phase may be needed for pedestrian movements as determined by engineering judgement.
'''Support.''' Accessible pedestrian signals are typically integrated into the pedestrian detector (pushbutton), so the audible tones and/or messages come from the pushbutton housing. They have a pushbutton locator tone and tactile arrow. The pushbutton housing can include audible beaconing and other special features.
On a street with a median of sufficient width for pedestrians to wait, a pedestrian clearance time that allows the pedestrian to cross only from the curb or shoulder to the median may be provided.
'''Option.''' If deemed appropriate by district Traffic, the name of the street to be crossed may also be provided in accessible format, such as Braille or raised print. Tactile maps of crosswalks may also be provided.
'''Standard. '''Where the pedestrian clearance time is sufficient only for crossing from the curb or shoulder to a median of sufficient width for pedestrians to wait, median-mounted pedestrian signals, with pedestrian detectors (see EPG [[902.9 Pedestrian Control Features (MUTCD Chapter 4I) #902.9.5|902.9.5]] and [[902.11 Accessible Pedestrian Signals and Detectors (MUTCD Chapter 4K) #902.11.1|902.11.1]]) if actuated operation is used, shall be provided and signing such as the R10-3d sign (see [[903.2 Regulatory Signs and Barricades (MUTCD Chapter 2B) #903.2.47|EPG 903.2.47]]) shall be provided to notify pedestrians to cross only to the median to await the next WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication.
'''Support.''' Specifications regarding the use of Braille or raised print for traffic control devices can be found in the ''Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities'' (ADAAG). (See [[642.3 Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990|EPG 642.3 Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990]]).
'''Support. '''Accessible pedestrian signals (see [[902.11 Accessible Pedestrian Signals and Detectors (MUTCD Chapter 4K) #902.11.1|902.11.1]]) where median-mounted pedestrian signals and detectors are used provide information in non-visual formats (such as audible tones and/or speech messages, and vibrating surfaces) so that a pedestrian with vision disabilities can know when to resume crossing the street after crossing to the median.
'''Standard.''' At accessible pedestrian signal locations where pedestrian pushbuttons are used, each pushbutton shall activate both the walk interval and the accessible pedestrian signals.
'''Option. '''During the transition into preemption, the walk interval and the pedestrian change interval may be shortened or omitted as described in [[902.6 Steady (Stop-and-Go) Operation of Traffic Control Signals (MUTCD Chapter 4F) #902.6.19|EPG 902.6.19]].
A brief leading pedestrian interval, during which an advance WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) indication is displayed for the crosswalk while red indications continue to be displayed to parallel through and/or turning traffic, may be used to reduce conflicts between pedestrians and turning vehicles.
'''Support.''' Accessible pedestrian signals that are located as close as possible to pedestrians waiting to cross the street provide the clearest and least ambiguous indication of which pedestrian crossing is served by a device.
'''Support. '''Accessible pedestrian signals (see [[902.11 Accessible Pedestrian Signals and Detectors (MUTCD Chapter 4K) #902.11|EPG 902.11]]) where leading pedestrian intervals are used provide information in non-visual formats (such as audible tones and/or speech messages, and vibrating surfaces) so that a pedestrian with vision disabilities can know when to cross the street in the absence of the audible cues normally provided when the onset of the vehicular and pedestrian movements coincide.
'''Guidance.''' Pushbuttons for accessible pedestrian signals should be located in accordance with the provisions of [[#902.6.8 Pedestrian Detectors (MUTCD Section 4E.08)|EPG 902.6.8]] and should be located as close as possible to the crosswalk line furthest from the center of the intersection and as close as possible to the curb ramp.
If a leading pedestrian interval is used without accessible features, pedestrians with vision disabilities might begin crossing at the onset of the vehicular movement when vehicle operators are not expecting them to begin crossing.
'''Standard.''' If the curb ramp is not aligned with the crosswalk, the accessible pedestrian signal assembly shall point in the direction of travel, not in the direction of the curb ramp orientation.
'''Guidance. '''If a leading pedestrian interval is used, it should be at least 3 seconds in duration and should be timed to allow pedestrians to cross at least one lane of traffic or, in the case of a large corner radius, to travel far enough for pedestrians to establish their position ahead of the turning traffic before the turning traffic is released.
If two accessible pedestrian pushbuttons are placed less than 10 feet apart or on the same pole, each accessible pedestrian pushbutton shall be provided with the following features:
:A. A pushbutton locator tone,
:B. A tactile arrow,
:C. A speech walk message for the WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) indication, and
:D. A speech pushbutton information message.
If two accessible pedestrian pushbuttons are placed greater than 10 feet apart, each accessible pedestrian pushbutton shall be provided with the following features:
:A. A pushbutton locator tone,
:B. A tactile arrow,
:C. Percussive tone for the WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) indication.
If the pedestrian clearance time is sufficient only to cross from the curb or shoulder to a median of sufficient width for pedestrians to wait and accessible pedestrian detectors are used, an additional accessible pedestrian detector shall be provided in the median.
==902.6.11 Accessible Pedestrian Signals and Detectors – Walk Indications ([https://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/ MUTCD] Section 4E.11) ==
'''Support.''' Technology that provides different sounds for each non-concurrent signal phase has frequently been found to provide ambiguous information. Research indicates that a rapid tick tone for each crossing coming from accessible pedestrian signal devices on separated poles located close to each crosswalk provides unambiguous information to pedestrians who are visually impaired. Vibrotactile indications provide information to pedestrians who are visually impaired and deaf and are also used by pedestrians who are visually impaired or who have low vision to confirm the walk signal in noisy situations.
Standard. Accessible pedestrian signals shall have both audible and vibrotactile walk indications.
Vibrotactile walk indications shall be provided by a tactile arrow on the pushbutton (see [[#902.6.12 Accessible Pedestrian Signals and Detectors – Tactile Arrows and Locator Tones (MUTCD Section 4E.12)|EPG 902.6.12]]) that vibrates during the walk interval.
Accessible pedestrian signals shall have an audible walk indication during the walk interval only. The audible walk indication shall be audible from the beginning of the associated crosswalk.
The accessible walk indication shall have the same duration as the pedestrian walk signal except when the pedestrian signal rests in walk.
'''Guidance.''' If the pedestrian signal rests in walk, the accessible walk indication should be limited to the first 7 seconds of the walk interval. The accessible walk indication should be recalled by a button press during the walk interval provided that the crossing time remaining is greater than the pedestrian change interval.
'''Standard.''' Where two accessible pedestrian signals are separated by a distance of at least 10 feet, the audible walk indication shall be a percussive tone. Where two accessible pedestrian signals on one corner are not separated by a distance of at least 10 feet, the audible walk indication shall be a speech message.
'''Support.''' At any given intersection, there may be a combination of speech messages and percussive tones depending on placement of accessible pedestrian pushbuttons at any given curb ramp. Each curb ramp is evaluated individually for the need of the features listed above.
'''Standard.''' Audible tone walk indications shall repeat at eight to ten ticks per second. Audible tones used as walk indications shall consist of multiple frequencies with a dominant component at 880 Hz.
The volume of audible walk indications and pushbutton locator tones (see EPG 902.6.12 ) shall be set to be a maximum of 5 dBA louder than ambient sound, except when audible beaconing is provided in response to an extended pushbutton press.
Automatic volume adjustment in response to ambient traffic sound level shall be provided up to a maximum volume of 100 dBA.
'''Guidance.''' The sound level of audible walk indications and pushbutton locator tones should be adjusted to be low enough to avoid misleading pedestrians who have visual disabilities when the following conditions exist:
:A. Where there is an island that allows unsignalized right turns across a crosswalk between the island and the sidewalk.
:B. Where multi-leg approaches or complex signal phasing require more than two pedestrian phases, such that it might be unclear which crosswalk is served by each audible tone.
:C. At intersections where a diagonal pedestrian crossing is allowed, or where one street receives a WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication simultaneously with another street.
'''Support.''' An optional alert tone at the beginning of the walk indication can be particularly useful if the walk tone is not easily audible in some traffic conditions.
Speech walk messages communicate to pedestrians which street has the walk interval. Speech messages might be either directly audible or transmitted, requiring a personal receiver to hear the message. To be a useful system, the words and their meaning need to be correctly understood by all users in the context of the street environment where they are used. Because of this, tones are the preferred means of providing audible walk indications except where two accessible pedestrian signals on one corner are not separated by a distance of at least 10 feet.
If speech walk messages are used, pedestrians have to know the names of the streets that they are crossing in order for the speech walk messages to be unambiguous. In getting directions to travel to a new location, pedestrians with visual disabilities do not always get the name of each street to be crossed. Therefore, it is desirable to give users of accessible pedestrian signals the name of the street controlled by the pushbutton. This can be done by means of a speech pushbutton information message (see [https://epg.modot.org/index.php/902.5_Traffic_Control_Signal_Features_(MUTCD_Chapter_4D)#902.5.19_Lateral_Positioning_of_Signal_Faces_.28MUTCD_Section_4D.13.29 EPG 902.5.19]) during the flashing or steady UPRAISED HAND intervals, or by raised print and Braille labels on the pushbutton housing.
[[image:902.6.11.jpg|center|350px]]
By combining the information from the pushbutton message or Braille label, the tactile arrow aligned in the direction of travel on the relevant crosswalk, and the speech walk message, pedestrians with visual disabilities are able to correctly respond to speech walk messages even if there are two pushbuttons on the same pole.
'''Standard.''' If speech walk messages are used to communicate the walk interval, they shall provide a clear message that the walk interval is in effect, as well as to which crossing it applies. Speech walk messages shall be used only at intersections where it is technically infeasible to install two accessible pedestrian signals in one corner separated by a distance of at least 10 feet.
Speech walk messages that are used at intersections having pedestrian phasing that is concurrent with vehicular phasing shall be patterned after the model: “Broadway. Walk sign is on to cross Broadway.”
Speech walk messages that are used at intersections having exclusive pedestrian phasing shall be patterned after the model: “Walk sign is on for all crossings.”
Speech walk messages shall not contain any additional information, except they shall include designations such as “Street” or “Avenue” where this information is necessary to avoid ambiguity at a particular location.
'''Guidance.''' Speech walk messages should not state or imply a command to the pedestrian, such as “Cross Broadway now.” Speech walk messages should not tell pedestrians that it is “safe to cross,” because it is always the pedestrian’s responsibility to check actual traffic conditions.
'''Standard.''' A speech walk message is not required at times when the walk interval is not timing, but, if provided:
:A. It shall begin with the term “wait.”
:B. It need not be repeated for the entire time that the walk interval is not timing.
'''Option.''' Accessible pedestrian signals that provide speech walk messages may provide similar messages in languages other than English, if needed, except for the terms “walk sign” and “wait.”
'''Standard.''' Following the audible walk indication, accessible pedestrian signals shall revert to the pushbutton locator tone (see EPG 902.6.12) during the pedestrian change interval.
==902.6.12 Accessible Pedestrian Signals and Detectors – Tactile Arrows and Locator Tones ([https://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/ MUTCD] Section 4E.12)==
'''Standard.''' To enable pedestrians who have visual disabilities to distinguish and locate the appropriate pushbutton at an accessible pedestrian signal location, pushbuttons shall clearly indicate by means of tactile arrows which crosswalk signal is actuated by each pushbutton. Tactile arrows shall be located on the pushbutton, have high visual contrast (light on dark or dark on light), and shall be aligned parallel to the direction of travel on the associated crosswalk.
An accessible pedestrian pushbutton shall incorporate a locator tone.
'''Support.''' A pushbutton locator tone is a repeating sound that informs approaching pedestrians that a pushbutton to actuate pedestrian timing or receive additional information exists, and that enables pedestrians with visual disabilities to locate the pushbutton.
'''Standard.''' Pushbutton locator tones shall have a duration of 0.15 seconds or less and shall repeat at 1-second intervals.
Pushbutton locator tones shall be deactivated when the traffic control signal is operating in a flashing mode, or if the pedestrian button/signal indications/phasing are out-of-service due to technical issues or damage. This requirement shall not apply to traffic control signals or pedestrian hybrid beacons that are activated from a flashing or dark mode to a stop-and-go mode by pedestrian actuations.
Pushbutton locator tones shall be intensity-responsive to ambient sound and be audible 6 to 12 feet from the pushbutton, or to the building line, whichever is less.
'''Support.''' [[#902.6.11 Accessible Pedestrian Signals and Detectors – Walk Indications (MUTCD Section 4E.11)|EPG 902.6.11]] presents additional provisions regarding the volume and sound level of pushbutton locator tones.
==902.6.13 Accessible Pedestrian Signals and Detectors – Extended Pushbutton Press Features ([https://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/ MUTCD] Section 4E.13)==
'''Option.''' Pedestrians may be provided with additional features such as increased crossing time, audible beaconing, or a speech pushbutton information message as a result of an extended pushbutton press.
'''Standard.''' If an extended pushbutton press is used to provide any additional feature(s), a pushbutton press of less than one second shall actuate only the pedestrian timing and any associated accessible walk indication, and a pushbutton press of one second or more shall actuate the pedestrian timing, any associated accessible walk indication, and any additional feature(s).
If additional crossing time is provided by means of an extended pushbutton press, a PUSHBUTTON FOR 2 SECONDS FOR EXTRA CROSSING TIME (R10-32P) plaque (see Figure 2B-26) shall be mounted adjacent to or integral with the pedestrian pushbutton.
'''Support.''' Audible beaconing is the use of an audible signal in such a way that pedestrians with visual disabilities can identify the signal that is located on the far end of the crosswalk as they cross the street.
Not all crosswalks at an intersection need audible beaconing; audible beaconing can actually cause confusion if used at all crosswalks at some intersections. Audible beaconing is not appropriate at locations with channelized turns or split phasing, because of the possibility of confusion.
'''Guidance.''' Audible beaconing should only be considered following an engineering study at:
:A. Crosswalks longer than 70 feet, unless they are divided by a median that has another accessible pedestrian signal with a locator tone;
:B. Crosswalks that are skewed;
:C. Intersections with irregular geometry, such as more than four legs;
:D. Crosswalks where audible beaconing is requested by an individual with visual disabilities; or
:E. Other locations where a study indicates audible beaconing would be beneficial.
'''Option.''' Audible beaconing may be provided in several ways, any of which are initiated by an extended pushbutton press.
'''Standard.''' If audible beaconing is used, the volume of the pushbutton locator tone during the pedestrian change interval of the called pedestrian phase shall be increased and operated in one of the following ways:
:A. The louder audible walk indication and louder locator tone comes from the far end of the crosswalk, as pedestrians cross the street,
:B. The louder locator tone comes from both ends of the crosswalk, or
:C. The louder locator tone comes from an additional speaker that is aimed at the center of the crosswalk and that is mounted on a pedestrian signal head.
'''Option.''' Speech pushbutton information messages may provide intersection identification (see [[#902.6.11 Accessible Pedestrian Signals and Detectors – Walk Indications (MUTCD Section 4E.11)|EPG 902.6.11]]), as well as information about unusual intersection signalization and geometry, such as notification regarding exclusive pedestrian phasing, leading pedestrian intervals, split phasing, diagonal crosswalks, and medians or islands.
'''Standard.''' If speech pushbutton information messages are made available by actuating the accessible pedestrian signal detector, they shall only be actuated when the walk interval is not timing. They shall begin with the term “Wait,” followed by intersection identification information modeled after: “Wait to cross Broadway at Grand.” If information on intersection signalization or geometry is also given, it shall follow the intersection identification information.
'''Guidance.''' Speech pushbutton information messages should not be used to provide landmark information or to inform pedestrians with visual disabilities about detours or temporary traffic control situations.
'''Support.''' Additional information on the structure and wording of speech pushbutton information messages is included in ITE’s “Electronic Toolbox for Making Intersections More Accessible for Pedestrians Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired,” which is available at ITE’s website.
==902.6.14 Accessible Pedestrian Signals and Detectors – Additional Requirements==
Additional requirements for accessible pedestrian signals are provided below.
'''Guidance.''' The bolt pattern of the pushbutton station should be compatible with older pushbuttons. This will allow equipment to be easily upgraded at existing signalized intersections.
'''Standard.''' Accessible pedestrian signals shall include the following mechanical and electrical requirements.
Pushbutton station shall be constructed of aluminum. Tactile arrows and actuator shall be made of brass or corrosion-resistant metal alloy or non-metallic material.
The actuator shall be a minimum of 2 inches in diameter, raised, contrast visually with the housing and shall have a solid state, piezo type switch rated at a minimum of 20 million actuations. A maximum force of 3.5 lbs. shall be required to activate the switch.
The accessible pedestrian signal shall operate at a voltage no greater than 24 volts.
'''Support.''' Accessible pedestrian signal assembly may be monolithic or a separate actuator and sign.
[[image:902.6.14.1.jpg|center|650px]]
Some manufacturers provide a 2-wire accessible pedestrian signal system that uses the existing wiring from previously installed standard pushbuttons. For installation, a control unit is installed in the controller cabinet. Wiring this device requires correct connection of wires from pedestrian signal heads, particularly where two parallel crosswalks do not operate concurrently to provide accurate messages using two wires.
The 3-wire and 4-wire systems are typically designed for intersections where pushbutton wires do not exist, though they can also be installed on intersections with existing pushbutton wires. For installation, the wires from the accessible pedestrian signal run to a control unit in the pedestrian head. Each system is independent of the others and each accessible pushbutton signal responds to the messaging provided by the pedestrian signal head it is connected to.
'''Option.''' Additional features may include Bluetooth or wireless capabilities to allow for programming using a manufacturer developed app on a tablet or cell phone.
===902.6.14.2 Environmental Requirements===
'''Standard.''' The accessible pedestrian signal shall be fully operational between -30° F to +165°F (-34° C to +74° C), shall not allow ice to form such to impede the operation of the button and shall have a weatherproof speaker.
===902.6.14.3 Pedestrian Information Sign Requirements===
'''Standard.''' The accessible pedestrian signal shall include a pedestrian information sign. The pedestrian information sign shall be post mounted or integral to the Pedestrian Pushbutton Station. The sign shall:
:A) Be in accordance with the provisions of [[#902.6.8 Pedestrian Detectors (MUTCD Section 4E.08)|EPG 902.6.8]],
:B) Be a 9’’x15” R10-3e,
:C) Be fabricated as flat sheet (SH) in accordance with all applicable sections of MoDOT’s Standard Specifications for Construction and Standard Plans.
[[image:902.6.14.3.jpg|center|650px]]
==902.6.15 Post-installation Checklist of Accessible Pedestrian Signals and Maintenance==
'''Standard.''' Accessible pedestrian signals shall be carefully installed in the field and evaluated after installation to verify they are working properly from an engineering perspective and from the perspective of pedestrians who are visually impaired. During installation, the installer shall program the system as directed by the engineer.
===902.6.15.1 Installation Acceptance and Inspection Checklist of Accessible Pedestrian Signals===
'''Standard.''' After installation and programming is complete, Construction shall perform the following steps (detailed in EPG 902.6.15.1.1 through EPG 902.6.15.1.9, below). A printable [[media:902.6.15.1 checklist.xlsx|checklist]] shall be used to provide documentation of proper installation. After acceptance, Maintenance shall use the checklist to track regular inspection of the accessible pedestrian signal.
:A) Evaluate and adjust the locator tone volume
:B) Evaluate and adjust the WALK indication volume
:C) Evaluate and set the sensitivity level of the automatic volume adjustment
:D) Confirm proper functioning of the WALK indicators
:E) Check height and location of pushbutton
:F) Check the tactile arrow
:G) Check optional features
:H) Check audible beaconing
:I) Recheck the functioning at a later time.
The following subsections provide guidance for the completion of the evaluation criteria listed in the checklist.
====902.6.15.1.1 Locator Tone Volume====
'''Guidance.''' Evaluate and adjust locator tone volume:
:A) Approach intersection along sidewalk from both directions and note when the pushbutton locator tone is audible. If there are two pushbutton locator tones at the corner, each should be audible. The pushbutton locator tone should be audible when 6 to 12 feet from pushbutton, or at the building line, whichever is closer to the pushbutton.
:B) Approach corner from crosswalk and note when the pushbutton locator tone is audible. The pushbutton locator tone should be audible at 6 to 12 feet (or approximately one lane) from pushbutton.
:C) Listen through several cycles at times when traffic is noisy and at times when traffic is quiet.
:D) Adjust the locator tone volume as necessary.
====902.6.15.1.2 WALK Indication Volume====
'''Guidance.''' Evaluate and adjust the volume of the WALK indication:
:A) Stand at the curb or end of the curb ramp at the crosswalk and listen for the WALK indication. It should be audible from the crossing location.
:B) Confirm that the WALK indication for each crosswalk sounds closer than the WALK indication for the perpendicular crosswalk.
:C) Listen through several cycles at times when traffic is noisy and at times when traffic is quiet.
:D) Adjust the WALK indication volume as necessary.
====902.6.15.1.3 Automatic Volume Adjustment====
'''Guidance.''' Evaluate and set the sensitivity level of the automatic volume adjustment:
:A) If volumes are adequate in quiet conditions, but do not increase enough or quickly enough when ambient noise increases, the microphone sensitivity, or automatic gain control, should be increased.
:B) Increase the microphone sensitivity in 10–20% steps until the response is as desired.
:C) If necessary, readjust the volume of the locator tone and WALK indications after the microphone is adjusted.
====902.6.15.1.4 Confirm Proper Functioning of the WALK Indication====
'''Guidance.''' Determine if the vibrating surface, speech messages or other features of the WALK indication work properly:
:A) Press the button and wait for the WALK indication. The tactile arrow or vibrating surface should vibrate rapidly only during the WALK.
:B) The WALK indication (tone or speech message) should sound for the duration of the WALK interval, unless there is a special setting due to a "rest-in-WALK" situation.
:C) If the WALK indication is a speech message, confirm that it refers to the correct street and is appropriately worded and understandable.
====902.6.15.1.5 Check Height and Location of the Pushbutton====
'''Guidance'''. Confirm that pushbutton height and location conform to specifications and can be reached by a person in a wheelchair, from a level landing.
====902.6.15.1.6 Check Tactile Arrow====
'''Guidance.''' Examine the tactile arrow.
:A) Check that it is aligned in the direction of travel on the crosswalk.
:B) Confirm that it points to the street that is controlled by that pushbutton.
====902.6.15.1.7 Check Optional Features====
'''Guidance.''' Confirm that optional features, if ordered, are present and functioning correctly.
:A) Confirm that Braille dots are raised to the touch, not depressed. If possible, request that a person who reads Braille confirm that it is the correct label.
:B) Press the pushbutton for an extended button press and see if the pushbutton information message plays and accurately identifies the crossing controlled by the pushbutton, and that other information, if provided, is accurate.
:C) Confirm that a tactile map accurately represents the crossing features.
:D) If pushbutton is Bluetooth or Wi-Fi enabled, confirm it is connected, app is installed on phone or tablet, and program is properly working.
====902.6.15.1.8 Check Audible Beaconing====
'''Guidance.''' If the intersection requires audible beaconing,
:A) Press the pushbutton for an extended button press and confirm that the sound is boosted during the following pedestrian phase for the WALK tone and for the locator tone.
:B) Walk across the street during the pedestrian phase and evaluate placement and aim of devices to provide sound in the crosswalk area.
====902.6.15.1.9 Re-check Device Functioning at a Later Time====
'''Guidance.''' Follow-up during the first few weeks after installation, checking device and volume at different times of day to assure proper functioning.
Designate a person and phone number to call and report malfunctioning devices. Share that information with agencies serving individuals who are visually impaired and organizations of individuals who are visually impaired in the community.
===902.6.15.2 Maintenance of Accessible Pedestrian Signals===
As with any complex device, an accessible pedestrian signal has many features that could malfunction or fail in the course of its operation. It is important to take steps to ensure correct functioning through the years.
'''Guidance.''' MoDOT should conduct an audit or checkup of the accessible pedestrian signal installations on a regular basis. Checkups should be conducted frequently if factors such as harsh weather may have affected the devices. At the very least, the accessible pedestrian signal should be checked:
:A) Every year
:B) During field signal observations
:C) When field signal preventive maintenance is preformed
:D) After any field changes to signal timing.
With each visit, MoDOT should recheck each of the items on the original post-installation checklist. In addition to the [[media:902.6.15.1 checklist.xlsx|checklist]], the most common failures are listed below and should be checked specifically:
:A) Vibrating arrow/button: could stop working or have very weak vibration
:B) WALK indication: tone or speech message could have stopped working or be delayed in sounding after the WALK interval begins
:C) Raised arrow: could be missing or pointing in the wrong direction
:D) Pushbutton: could be jammed or malfunctioning
:E) Ambient noise response: could be slow to respond or have ceased responding at all.
If an accessible pedestrian signal has been damaged or is not working properly, it should be replaced as quickly as possible.
If a leading pedestrian interval is used, consideration should be given to prohibiting turns across the crosswalk during the leading pedestrian interval.
At locations where a leading pedestrian interval is used, the minimum time for the WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) indication should be the time provided for the leading pedestrian interval plus 7 seconds.
'''Support. '''At intersections with pedestrian volumes that are so high that drivers have difficulty finding an opportunity to turn across the crosswalk, the duration of the green interval for a parallel concurrent vehicular movement is sometimes intentionally set to extend beyond the pedestrian clearance time to provide turning drivers additional green time to make their turns while the pedestrian signal head is displaying a steady UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication after pedestrians have had time to complete their crossings.
[[Category:902 Signals|902.06]]
{{SpanID|fig902.9.6}}
[[File:Figure 902.9.6 Pedestrian Intervals.jpg|center|thumb|alt=The following five “pedestrian signal displays” are shown:
1. A solid orange upraised hand symbol labeled "Steady"
2. A solid white walking person symbol
3. A two-section signal face showing a solid orange upraised hand symbol to the left of a signal showing the numeral "15" in orange.
4. A solid orange upraised hand symbol labeled "Steady."
5. A solid orange upraised hand symbol labeled "Steady."
The following “pedestrian intervals” are shown:
• None during a “steady” upraised hand display
• A walk interval of “7 seconds MIN.” during a walking person display.
• A “pedestrian change interval” with a “calculated pedestrian clearance time” that extends into the “buffer interval” during a two-section upraised hand display “flashing with countdown.”
• A “buffer interval” of "3 second MIN.” during a “steady” upraised hand display. The “’zero’ point of countdown display” is shown at the beginning of the “buffer interval.”
• None during a “steady” upraised hand display.
The “relationship to associated vehicular phase intervals” is as follows:
• "Yellow Change Interval = Buffer Interval," shown by a green interval during the "pedestrian change interval," a yellow change interval during the "buffer interval" and a red interval because conflicting traffic has been released during the “steady” upraised hand display.
• “Yellow Change Interval + Red Clearance Interval = Buffer Interval,” shown by a green interval during the “pedestrian change interval,” a 50% yellow change interval and 50% red clearance interval during the “buffer interval,” and a red interval because conflicting traffic has been released during the “steady” upraised hand display.
• “Part of Yellow Change Interval + Red Clearance Interval = Buffer Interval,” shown by a 90% green interval and 10% yellow change interval during the “pedestrian change interval,” a 50% yellow change interval and 50% red clearance interval during the “buffer interval,” and a red interval because conflicting traffic has been released during the “steady” upraised hand display.
• “Red Clearance Interval = Buffer Interval,” shown by an 80% green interval and 20% yellow change interval during the “pedestrian change interval,” a red clearance interval during the “buffer interval,” and a red interval because conflicting traffic has been released during the “steady” upraised hand display.
• “Associated Green Interval extends beyond end of Buffer Interval,” shown by a green interval during the “pedestrian change interval,” a green interval during the “buffer interval,” and a 10% green interval, 30% yellow change interval, 30% red clearance interval, and 30% red interval because conflicting traffic has been released during the “steady” upraised hand display.|800px|'''Figure 902.9.6''' Pedestrian Intervals]]
902.9.1 Pedestrian Signal Heads (MUTCD Section 4I.01)
Support. Pedestrian signal heads provide special types of traffic signal indications exclusively intended for controlling pedestrians. These signal indications consist of the illuminated symbols of a WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) and an UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK).
EPG 902.4.2 contains information on when to use pedestrian signal heads.
Accessible pedestrian signals (see EPG 902.11) where pedestrian signal heads are used provide information in non-visual formats (such as audible tones and/or speech messages, and vibrating surfaces) so that a pedestrian with vision disabilities can know when to cross the street.
EPG 902.10 contains information regarding the use of pedestrian hybrid beacons and EPG 902.20 contains information regarding the use of In-Roadway Warning Lights at unsignalized marked crosswalks.
902.9.2 Size, Design, and Illumination of Pedestrian Signal Head Indications (MUTCD Section 4I.02)
Guidance. All pedestrian signal head indications at an intersection should be of the same size and design.
Standard. All new pedestrian signal head indications shall be displayed within a rectangular background and shall consist of symbolized messages (see Figure 902.9.2), except that existing pedestrian signal head indications with lettered or outline style symbol messages shall be permitted to be retained for the remainder of their useful service life. The symbol designs that are set forth in the “Standard Highway Signs” publication (see EPG 911 (MUTCD Section 1A.05)) shall be used. Each pedestrian signal head indication shall be independently displayed and emit a single color.
All new pedestrian signal indications shall be Light Emitting Diode (LED).
One section pedestrian signal heads shall include the UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) and the WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) symbols overlaid upon each other, and a light source that can display each symbol independently shall be used.
The WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication shall be white. The UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication shall be Portland orange.
The requirements of the publication entitled “Pedestrian Traffic Control Signal Indicators – Light Emitting Diode (LED) Signal Modules,” 2011, ITE, that pertain to the aspects of the signal head design that affect the display of the signal indications shall be met for light-emitting diode (LED) pedestrian signal head modules.
Guidance. The intensity and distribution of light from each LED pedestrian signal head module should comply with the publications specified in the preceding paragraph, as appropriate.
Standard. When not illuminated, the WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) and UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) symbols shall not be readily visible to pedestrians at the far end of the crosswalk that the pedestrian signal head indications control.
For pedestrian signal head indications, the symbols shall be at least 9 inches high.
The light source of a flashing UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication shall be flashed continuously at a rate of not less than 50 or more than 60 times per minute. The displayed period of each flash shall be a minimum of ½ and a maximum of ⅔ of the total flash cycle.
Guidance. Pedestrian signal head indications should be conspicuous and recognizable to pedestrians at all distances from the beginning of the controlled crosswalk to a point 10 feet from the end of the controlled crosswalk during both day and night.
If the pedestrian signal indication is so bright that it causes excessive glare in nighttime conditions, some form of automatic dimming should be used to reduce the brilliance of the signal indication.
Figure 902.9.2 Typical Pedestrian Signal Indications
902.9.3 Location and Height of Pedestrian Signal Heads (MUTCD Section 4I.03)
Standard. Pedestrian signal heads shall be mounted with the bottom of the signal housing including brackets not less than 7 feet or more than 10 feet above sidewalk level, and shall be positioned and adjusted to provide maximum visibility at the beginning of the controlled sidewalk.
Guidance. If pedestrian signal heads are mounted on the same support as vehicular signal heads, there should be a physical separation between them.
Standard. All pedestrian signal heads used at crosswalks shall include a pedestrian change interval countdown display in order to inform pedestrians of the number of seconds remaining in the pedestrian change interval.
The countdown display shall always be displayed simultaneously with the flashing UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication displayed for that crosswalk.
Countdown pedestrian signals shall consist of Portland orange numbers that are at least 9 inches in height on a black opaque background. The countdown pedestrian signal shall be located immediately adjacent to the associated UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) pedestrian signal head indication (see Figure 902.9.2).
The display of the number of remaining seconds shall begin only at the beginning of the pedestrian change interval (flashing UPRAISED HAND). After the countdown displays zero, the display shall remain dark until the beginning of the next countdown.
The countdown pedestrian signal shall display the number of seconds remaining until the termination of the pedestrian change interval (flashing UPRAISED HAND). Countdown displays shall not be used during the walk interval. Countdown displays shall not be used during the red clearance interval of a concurrent vehicular phase that is ending simultaneously with or after the end of the pedestrian phase.
Guidance. If used with a pedestrian signal head that does not have a concurrent vehicular phase, the pedestrian change interval (flashing UPRAISED HAND) should be set to be approximately 4 seconds less than the required pedestrian clearance time (see EPG 902.9.6) and an additional clearance interval (during which a steady UPRAISED HAND is displayed) should be provided prior to the start of the conflicting vehicular phase.
Because some technology includes the countdown pedestrian signal logic in a separate timing device that is independent of the timing in the traffic signal controller, care should be exercised by the engineer when timing changes are made to pedestrian change intervals.
If the pedestrian change interval is interrupted or shortened as a part of a transition into a preemption sequence (see EPG 902.6.19), the countdown pedestrian signal display should be discontinued and go dark immediately upon activation of the preemption transition.
Option. Pedestrian detectors may be push buttons or passive detection devices.
Support. Passive detection devices register the presence of a pedestrian in a position indicative of a desire to cross, without requiring the pedestrian to push a button. Some passive detection devices are capable of tracking the progress of a pedestrian as the pedestrian crosses the roadway for the purpose of extending or shortening the duration of certain pedestrian timing intervals.
The provisions in this Article place pedestrian push buttons within easy reach of pedestrians who are intending to cross each crosswalk and make it obvious which push button is associated with each crosswalk. These provisions also position push button poles in optimal locations for installation of accessible pedestrian signals (see EPG 902.11). Information regarding reach ranges can be found in the U.S. Department of Justice 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design, September 15, 2010, 28 CFR 35 and 36, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.
Guidance. If pedestrian push buttons are used, they should be capable of easy activation requiring no more than 3.5 pounds of force, should not require tight grasping, pinching, or twisting of the wrist, and should be conveniently located near each end of the crosswalks. Except as provided in the two subsequent paragraphs, pedestrian push buttons should be located to meet all of the following criteria (see Figure 902.9.5.1):
A. Unobstructed and accessible within one or more of the reach ranges specified in Section 308, and from a clear ground space as specified in Section 305, of the 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design;
B. To provide a wheelchair accessible route from the push button to the ramp;
C. On the side of the curb ramp which is farthest from the center of the intersection;
D. Not greater than 10 feet from the edge of the associated curb ramp which is farther from the center of the intersection;
E. Not greater than 5 feet from the outside edge of the marked crosswalk farthest from the center of the intersection;
F. Not farther from the crosswalk than the stop line is, if present;
G. Between 30 inches and 6 feet from the face of the curb or from the outside edge of the shoulder (or if no shoulder exists, from the edge of the pavement);
H. With the face of the push button parallel to the crosswalk to be used;
I. At a mounting height of approximately 3.5 feet, but no more than 4 feet, above the sidewalk;
J. Allowing a minimum 4-foot continuous clear width for a pedestrian access route; and
K. Outside the flared side of the curb ramp, if present.
Where there are physical constraints that make it impracticable to place the pedestrian push button adjacent to a level all-weather surface, the surface should be as level as feasible.
Where there are physical constraints that make it impracticable to place the pedestrian push button between 30 inches and 6 feet from the face of the curb or from the outside edge of the shoulder (or if no shoulder exists, from the edge of the pavement), it should not be farther than 10 feet from the face of the curb or from the outside edge of the shoulder (or if no shoulder exists, from the edge of the pavement).
Except as provided in the subsequent paragraph, where two pedestrian push buttons are provided on the same corner of a signalized location, the push buttons should be separated by a distance of at least 10 feet.
Option. Where there are physical constraints on a particular corner that make it impracticable to provide the 10-foot separation between the two pedestrian push buttons the push buttons may be placed closer together or on the same pole.
Support. Figure 902.9.5.2 shows typical pedestrian push button locations for a variety of situations.
Standard. If a pedestrian push button is provided, a sign (see EPG 903.2.47) shall also be installed adjacent to the pedestrian push button detector explaining the purpose and use.
Option. At certain locations, a supplemental sign in a more visible location may be used to call attention to the pedestrian push button.
Standard. The positioning of pedestrian push buttons and the legends on the pedestrian push button signs shall indicate which crosswalk signal is actuated by each pedestrian push button.
If the pedestrian clearance time is sufficient only to cross from the curb or shoulder to a median of sufficient width for pedestrians to wait and the signals are pedestrian actuated, an additional pedestrian detector shall be provided in the median.
Guidance. The use of additional pedestrian detectors on islands or medians where a pedestrian might become stranded should be considered.
If used, special purpose push buttons (to be operated only by authorized persons) should include a housing capable of being locked to prevent access by the general public and do not need an instructional sign.
Standard. If used, a pilot light or other means of indication installed with a pedestrian push button shall not be illuminated until actuation. Once it is actuated, the pilot light shall remain illuminated until the pedestrian’s green or WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication is displayed.
Extended push button press features shall not be utilized.
Figure 902.9.5.1 Preferred Push Button Location Area
Notes:
The push button detector should be located 5 feet or less from the outside edge of the marked crosswalk farthest from the intersection.
The push button detector should be located no farther from the crosswalk than the stop line, if one is present.
A 4-foot minimum unobstructed pedestrian access route should be maintained.
The maximum (MAX.) and minimum (MIN.) dimensions shown in this figure are recommendations.
Two pedestrian push buttons on the same corner should be separated by at least 10 feet. The 10-foot dimension shown in this figure is in reference to the placement of the push buttons within their respective areas.
These drawings are intended to describe the typical locations for pedestrian push button installations.
902.9.6 Pedestrian Intervals and Signal Phases (MUTCD Section 4I.06)
Standard. At intersections equipped with pedestrian signal heads, the pedestrian signal indications shall be displayed except when the vehicular traffic control signal is being operated in the flashing mode. At those times, the pedestrian signal indications shall not be displayed.
Except as provided in the third standard paragraph of EPG 902.10.3, when the pedestrian signal heads associated with a crosswalk are displaying either a steady WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) or a flashing UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication, a steady red signal indication shall be shown to any conflicting vehicular movement that is approaching the intersection or midblock location perpendicular or nearly perpendicular to the crosswalk. This requirement for a steady red signal indication does not apply to permissive turning movements.
A WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication or a flashing UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication shall not be active during a phase or interval which leads vehicles into the crosswalk.
When pedestrian signal heads are used, a WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication shall be displayed only when pedestrians are permitted to leave the curb or shoulder.
A pedestrian change interval consisting of a flashing UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication shall begin immediately following the WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication. Following the pedestrian change interval, a buffer interval consisting of a steady UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication shall be displayed for at least 3 seconds prior to the release of any conflicting vehicular movement. The sum of the time of the pedestrian change interval and the buffer interval shall not be less than the calculated pedestrian clearance time (see the ninth through nineteenth paragraphs of this Article). The buffer interval shall not begin later than the beginning of the red clearance interval, if used.
Option. During the yellow change interval, the UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication may be displayed as either a flashing indication, a steady indication, or a flashing indication for an initial portion of the yellow change interval and a steady indication for the remainder of the interval.
Support. Figure 902.9.6 illustrates the pedestrian intervals and their possible relationships with associated vehicular signal phase intervals.
See EPG 902.23 for information related to MoDOT signal phasing and timing.
Guidance. Except as provided in the subsequent paragraph, the pedestrian clearance time should be sufficient to allow a pedestrian crossing in the crosswalk who left the curb or edge of pavement at the end of the WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication to travel at a walking speed of 3.5 feet per second to at least the far side of the traveled way or to a median of sufficient width for pedestrians to wait.
Option. A walking speed of up to 4 feet per second may be used to evaluate the sufficiency of the pedestrian clearance time at locations where documented engineering judgement supports the use.
Guidance. Where pedestrians who walk slower than 3.5 feet per second, or pedestrians who use wheelchairs, routinely use the crosswalk, a walking speed of less than 3.5 feet per second should be considered in determining the pedestrian clearance time.
Except as provided in the subsequent paragraph, the walk interval should be at least 7 seconds in length so that pedestrians will have adequate opportunity to leave the curb or shoulder before the pedestrian clearance time begins.
Option. If pedestrian volumes and characteristics do not require a 7-second walk interval, walk intervals as short as 4 seconds may be used.
Support. The walk interval is intended for pedestrians to start their crossing. The pedestrian clearance time is intended to allow pedestrians who started crossing during the walk interval to complete their crossing. Longer walk intervals are often used when the duration of the vehicular green phase associated with the pedestrian crossing is long enough to allow it.
Confusion is common among pedestrians as to the meaning of the pedestrian signal indications. This can result in a pedestrian turning back once the walk interval expires and not using the pedestrian change interval (flashing UPRAISED HAND) to complete their crossing. Countdown pedestrian indications (see EPG 902.9.4) and traffic signal pedestrian and bicyclist actuation signs (see EPG 903.2.47) can help mitigate confusion issues instead of lengthening the walk interval, since the pedestrian change interval is the critical time.
Guidance. The total of the walk interval and pedestrian clearance time should be sufficient to allow a pedestrian crossing in the crosswalk who left the pedestrian detector (or, if no pedestrian detector is present, a location 6 feet behind the face of the curb or 6 feet behind the edge of the pavement) at the beginning of the WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication to travel at a walking speed of 3 feet per second to the far side of the traveled way being crossed or to the median if a two-stage pedestrian crossing sequence is used. Any additional time that is required to satisfy the conditions of this paragraph should be added to the walk interval.
Option. An exclusive pedestrian phase may be needed for pedestrian movements as determined by engineering judgement.
On a street with a median of sufficient width for pedestrians to wait, a pedestrian clearance time that allows the pedestrian to cross only from the curb or shoulder to the median may be provided.
Standard. Where the pedestrian clearance time is sufficient only for crossing from the curb or shoulder to a median of sufficient width for pedestrians to wait, median-mounted pedestrian signals, with pedestrian detectors (see EPG 902.9.5 and 902.11.1) if actuated operation is used, shall be provided and signing such as the R10-3d sign (see EPG 903.2.47) shall be provided to notify pedestrians to cross only to the median to await the next WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication.
Support. Accessible pedestrian signals (see 902.11.1) where median-mounted pedestrian signals and detectors are used provide information in non-visual formats (such as audible tones and/or speech messages, and vibrating surfaces) so that a pedestrian with vision disabilities can know when to resume crossing the street after crossing to the median.
Option. During the transition into preemption, the walk interval and the pedestrian change interval may be shortened or omitted as described in EPG 902.6.19.
A brief leading pedestrian interval, during which an advance WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) indication is displayed for the crosswalk while red indications continue to be displayed to parallel through and/or turning traffic, may be used to reduce conflicts between pedestrians and turning vehicles.
Support. Accessible pedestrian signals (see EPG 902.11) where leading pedestrian intervals are used provide information in non-visual formats (such as audible tones and/or speech messages, and vibrating surfaces) so that a pedestrian with vision disabilities can know when to cross the street in the absence of the audible cues normally provided when the onset of the vehicular and pedestrian movements coincide.
If a leading pedestrian interval is used without accessible features, pedestrians with vision disabilities might begin crossing at the onset of the vehicular movement when vehicle operators are not expecting them to begin crossing.
Guidance. If a leading pedestrian interval is used, it should be at least 3 seconds in duration and should be timed to allow pedestrians to cross at least one lane of traffic or, in the case of a large corner radius, to travel far enough for pedestrians to establish their position ahead of the turning traffic before the turning traffic is released.
If a leading pedestrian interval is used, consideration should be given to prohibiting turns across the crosswalk during the leading pedestrian interval.
At locations where a leading pedestrian interval is used, the minimum time for the WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) indication should be the time provided for the leading pedestrian interval plus 7 seconds.
Support. At intersections with pedestrian volumes that are so high that drivers have difficulty finding an opportunity to turn across the crosswalk, the duration of the green interval for a parallel concurrent vehicular movement is sometimes intentionally set to extend beyond the pedestrian clearance time to provide turning drivers additional green time to make their turns while the pedestrian signal head is displaying a steady UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication after pedestrians have had time to complete their crossings.
